Cascadia Repository: Reports, Analyses, and Industry Findings
Reports, studies, and research on SAF production in the Cascadia region (Washington, Oregon, Montana, Idaho, British Columbia) spanning all feedstocks and conversion technologies published between 2008 and 2026.
| Report | Date of Publication | Author / Organization | Description |
| Allowable Annual Cut: Timber Supply Areas | July 2026 | Ministry of Forests, Province of British Columbia | The official BC listing of allowable annual cut by timber supply area with effective dates, giving the province-wide harvest ceiling that constrains all harvest-linked residue supply. |
| Sustainable Aviation Fuels Blueprint for Canada | July 2026 | Transport Canada, with Deloitte LLP as named collaborator and the Canadian Council for Sustainable Aviation Fuels (C-SAF) co-leading the SAF subgroup | Canada's first federal SAF blueprint that sets the domestic production, import, book-and-claim and sustainability-accounting pathways to a Canadian SAF market. Analysis finds that British Columbia is the most likely near-term jurisdiction in Canada for SAF use and production. |
| A comparison of the life cycle analysis (LCA) models used to determine the carbon intensity of biofuels, biojet/Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) | April 2026 | Hana Mohammadi and Jack Saddler, Bioenergy/Biofuels Group, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia; International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 31(5) | Report comparing the four regional LCA models used to set SAF carbon intensity and showing that different models drive the largest CI differences. |
| Renewable and Low Carbon Fuel Requirements Summary for 2010-2024 (Information Bulletin RLCF-007-2024) | February 2026 | B.C. Ministry of Energy and Climate Solutions | First BC-LCFS compliance summary that includes jet fuel. |
| Solidifying BC's Leadership in the Forest Bioeconomy | November 2025 | Silvacom Consultants for Foresight Canada, with the BC Pulp and Paper Coalition, BC Net Zero Innovation Network, BC First Nations Forestry Council and MJ Rensing Consulting | Report detailing the opportunity and benefits of converting damaged and waste wood into bioeconomy products in BC. |
| Biofuels in Canada 2025 (10th annual edition) | October 2025 | Navius Research for Advanced Biofuels Canada | Annual report that accounts Canadian biofuel volumes, carbon intensity and policyin 2024. |
| British Columbia (BC) Airports Decarbonization Study: Assessing emissions reductions opportunities at airports in BC - Executive Summary | October 2025 | Deloitte LLP for the B.C. Ministry of Transportation and Transit | Emissions reduction study covering major Canadian airports. List opportunities to reduce Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions, with SAF identified as a principal Scope 3 lever. |
| Aviation Climate Action Plan 2022 and 2023 Report | 2025 | Transport Canada | Biennial progress report against Canada's Aviation Climate Action Plan 2022-2030, covering fleet, operations, SAF and offsetting. |
| Sustainable Biomass Program Regional Risk Assessment for British Columbia Forest, v2.0 (Interim) | May 2025 | Sustainable Biomass Program; prepared by Hopkin Forest Management Consulting Ltd. | Sourcing risk assessment for BC's sustainable biomass program. |
| Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Opportunities Study: An ICF Report for Vancouver Airport (YVR) - Executive Summary | May 2025 | Alastair Blanshard, Zach Schofield, Alina Viehweber, Susan van Dyk and Mark Kelly, ICF, for the Vancouver Airport Authority | Assesses BC's SAF feedstock and production opportunity and concludes with a Strategic Support policy framework to balance SAF affordability and scalability. |
| Climate Change Accountability Report 2024 | April 2025 | Province of British Columbia, Ministry of Energy and Climate Solutions (Minister's message by Hon. Adrian Dix) | Statutory BC accountability report updating on province's emissions reduction efforts in 2024. SAF added to BC-LCFS that year. |
| Low Carbon Fuel Standard: Aviation Fuel Regulation Update | November 2023 | B.C. Ministry of Energy, Mines and Low Carbon Innovation | Policy update setting new aviation fuel standards for inclusion in the BC-LCFS on January 1, 2024. |
| Implementation Agendas: Compare-and-Contrast Transport Biofuels Policies (2021-2023 Update) | September 2023 | Hana Mohammadi and Jack Saddler, University of British Columbia, for IEA Bioenergy Task 39 | Country-by-country comparison of transport biofuel policies. Canadian section notes that BC leads Canada's transportation emissions reduction efforts due to the BC-LCFS and that the BC-LCFS is the single largest contributor to CleanBC goals. |
| The C-SAF Roadmap: Building a feedstocks-to-fuels SAF supply chain in Canada | July 2023 | Canadian Council for Sustainable Aviation Fuels (C-SAF) with the Transition Accelerator and Energy Futures Lab; lead author Bentley Allan | Roadmap concluding that production incentives, a sustainability framework, and feedstock infrastructure are all needed to accelerate domestic Canadian SAF production by 2030. |
| North Island Timber Supply Area Biomass Availability Estimation | March 2023 | Audrey Standish, FPInnovations, for the BC Ministry of Forests | Estimate of available biomass supply and cost in the North Island TSA. |
| Lillooet Timber Supply Area Biomass Availability Estimation | March 2023 | Audrey Standish, FPInnovations | Estimate of available biomass supply and cost in the Lillooet TSA. |
| Okanagan Timber Supply Area Biomass Availability Estimation | March 2023 | Audrey Standish, FPInnovations | Estimate of available biomass supply and cost in the Okanagan TSA. |
| Carbon Intensity of Hydrogen Production Methods: Supporting the BC Hydrogen Strategy | March 2023 | BC Centre for Innovation and Clean Energy (CICE), Deloitte and (S&T)2 Consultants for the B.C. Ministry of Energy, Mines and Low Carbon Innovation | Report examining three hydrogen production technologies that have potential in BC. Report framed against BC-LCFS compliance and credit generation. |
| WPAC Fibre Study: British Columbia Pellets Are Responsibly Sourced (factsheet) | March 2023 | Wood Pellet Association of Canada, with Gary Bull (UBC), Jeremy Williams, Jim Thrower and Brad Bennett | Audit of sources of fiber for wood pellets in BC, including from sawmill by-products and low-quality logs. |
| B.C. Low Carbon Fuel Standard: Technical Requirements Intentions Paper | December 2022 | B.C. Ministry of Energy, Mines and Low Carbon Innovation | Proposal for the technical design of the updated BC-LCFS, including the new jet fuel category. |
| Recent progress in the production of low carbon-intensive drop-in fuels: Standalone production and coprocessing (IEA Bioenergy Task 39) | February 2022 | Susan van Dyk, Jianping Su and Jack Saddler, University of British Columbia, for IEA Bioenergy Task 39 | Assessment of global drop-in fuel and refinery co-processing status. Case study of the Parkland Burnaby refinery and how BC-LCFS incentivizes co-processing. |
| B.C. Renewable and Low-Carbon Gas Supply Potential Study: Final Report | January 2022 | Martin Tampier (lead) with Matt Dickson, Len Bykowski, Warren Mabee, Geoff Budd and Thomas Cheney (ENVINT, CBER and Associates), for BC Bioenergy Network, FortisBC and the Province of British Columbia | Report estimating the potential supply and production costs of renewable and low-carbon gases in BC. |
| CleanBC Roadmap to 2030 | 2021 | Government of British Columbia | BC 2030 climate plan that considers updating BC-LCFS to cover marine and aviation fuels. |
| Utilization of forestry waste materials in British Columbia: Options and strategies | October 2021 | H. Wang, X. Bi and R. Clift, University of British Columbia | Study reviewing several energy conversion routes for forestry waste materials. |
| Life-cycle analysis of drop-in biojet fuel produced from British Columbia forest residues and wood pellets via fast-pyrolysis | April 2021 | Anna Ringsred, Susan van Dyk and Jack Saddler, University of British Columbia | Lifecycle comparison of drop-in biojet made from BC forest residues and BC wood pellets via fast pyrolysis vs. petroleum derived jet fuel. |
| B.C. Hydrogen Strategy: A sustainable pathway for B.C.'s energy transition | 2021 | B.C. Ministry of Energy, Mines and Low Carbon Innovation | BC provincial hydrogen strategy recommending aviation as hydrogen fuel cell pilot. Section dedicated to Huron Clean Energy's hydrogen-derived, low-carbon fuel that is blendable with Jet A. |
| BioPortYVR: An Action-Oriented Feasibility Study | October 2020 | Green Aviation Research and Development Network (GARDN) with UBC and partners | Feasibility study for a SAF production and supply hub at the Port of Vancouver to serve YVR. |
| BioPortYVR Discussion Paper: Toward a Made-in-BC Clean Fuel Supply Chain | September 2020 | BioPortYVR: Vancouver International Airport (YVR), Green Aviation Research and Development Network (GARDN), SkyNRG and Waterfall Group; commissioned by GARDN | Discussion paper summarizing the BioPortYVR feasibility study on a SAF production and supply hub at the Port of Vancouver to serve YVR. |
| Greenhouse gas emission reduction potential and cost of bioenergy in British Columbia, Canada | March 2020 | Haoqi Wang, Siduo Zhang, Xiaotao Bi and Roland Clift, University of British Columbia | Study combining a LCA an economic evaluation to assess the potential contribution of bioenergy in reducing BC's GHG emissions. |
| Wood Based Biomass in British Columbia and its Potential for New Electricity Generation | March 2018 | MDT Management Decision and Technology Ltd. and Industrial Forestry Service Ltd., for BC Hydro | Report forecasting availability of biomass fuels and associated cost for new electricity generation projects in BC from 2018-2042. |
| Life-cycle assessment of transportation biofuels from hydrothermal liquefaction of forest residues in British Columbia | February 2018 | Yuhao Nie and Xiaotao Bi, University of British Columbia | LCA of HTL-derived gasoline, diesel and jet from BC coastal forest residues across three scenarios. |
| Resource Supply Potential for Renewable Natural Gas in B.C. (Public Version) | March 2017 | Hallbar Consulting Inc. and the Research Institutes of Sweden (RISE), for the Province of British Columbia, FortisBC Inc. and Pacific Northern Gas Ltd. | Assessment of RNG production potential in BC under short- and long-term scenarios. |
| Scoping Summary Report for Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement on Alternative Jet Fuel Production, Blending, and Storage Facilities in Washington State (Publication 26-06-007) | July 2026 | Shorelands and Environmental Assistance Program, Washington State Department of Ecology | Documents the scope of Ecology's alternative jet fuel EIS, including geography, resources, and facility types. |
| Sustainable Aviation Fuel Use at a Washington State International Airport: Regional Air Quality Benefits | December 2025 | Elena Austin, Magali Blanco, Yeon Cheong, Jeffry Shirai, Ningrui Liu, Timothy Larson, Timothy Gould and Edmund Seto, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington | Report quantifying the emissions benefit and air quality improvement potential of SAF at Sea-Tac International Airport. |
| A Climate Roadmap for Washington State Dairy | December 2025 | Higginbotham, Brown, Porter, Stoermann, David, Vander Molen, Gearhart, Neibergs, Nyoni, Gibson and Yorgey; WSU Center for Sustaining Agriculture and Natural Resources | Assesses a range of near-term GHG-reduction strategies for Washington dairies, including water and air quality co-benefits. |
| Clean Fuel Standard Program Progress in 2023 (Publication 25-14-114) | December 2025 | Washington State Department of Ecology | 2023 progress report on Washington's Clean Fuel Standard program, including fuel volumes by type, credits, and deficits. |
| Project 001(A) Alternative Jet Fuel Supply Chain Analysis: ASCENT 2025 Annual Report (award 13-C-AJFE-WaSU-023, 026) | September 2025 | Michael P. Wolcott et al., Washington State University, FAA Center of Excellence ASCENT | Updated techno-economic modeling for five SAF pathways, incorporating IRA policy, facility-siting tools, and supply chain & wildfire risk modeling. |
| Preliminary Regulatory Analyses for Chapter 173-424 WAC, Clean Fuels Program Rule (Publication 25-14-039) | June 2025 | Washington State Department of Ecology | Cost-benefit and least burdensome alternative analysis for Washington Clean Fuel Standard amendment implementing ESSB 5447 alternative jet fuel provisions. |
| King County Long-Term Waste Disposal Options Study | March 2025 | Tetra Tech with WIH Resource Group, Cascadia Consulting Group, ERG and B-Town Consulting, for King County Solid Waste Division | Study evaluating five disposal options to replace the Cedar Hills Regional Landfill in King County, Washington when it closes, including residue derived fuel (RDF). |
| Senate Bill Report SB 5601: Advancing alternative jet fuel production and use | February 2025 | Washington State Legislature, Senate Committee Services (Ways and Means) | Washington State Senate staff report on SB 5601, proposing an Office of Renewable Fuels grant program, alternative jet fuel programmatic environmental review, a biomethane feedstock study and new tax preferences. |
| Washington State Refinery Economic Impact Study | February 2025 | Center for Economic and Business Research, Western Washington University, prepared for the Washington State Department of Commerce | Study assessing the current economic impacts from the operations of the five refineries operating within Washington State, and how operations and economic impacts may change in the future, including SAF production. |
| Sustainable Aviation Fuel Updates and Recommendations: Opportunities for Washington | December 2024 | Washington Alternative Jet Fuels Work Group, Washington State University; statutory report to the Governor and Legislature under RCW 28B.30.646 | Washington AJF Work Group report detailing SAF industry progress in Washington and recommendations for facility siting and funding. |
| WSDOT Statewide Aviation Sustainability Plan | December 2024 | Kimley-Horn and Cascadia Consulting Group for the Washington State Department of Transportation, Aviation Division | Survey of sustainability plans for airports in Washington. Reports number of airports in Washington supplying or planning to supply SAF. |
| Life Cycle Assessment of Spokane Waste Management Options (Publication 23-07-063) | March 2024 | CDM Smith for the Washington State Department of Ecology | Emissions LCA of the Spokane Waste-to-Energy Facility to determining its eligibility as an alternative compliance option under the Washington Clean Energy Transformation Act. |
| Green Electrolytic Hydrogen and Renewable Fuels: Recommendations for Deployment | January 2024 | Washington State Department of Commerce, Office of Renewable Fuels (Glenn Blackmon, Stephanie Celt, Shannon Pressler), with the Clean Energy Transition Institute and Evolved Energy Research | Report outlining ten scenarios for Washington green electrolytic hydrogen development, along with guidance on best-use applications, permitting, siting, and environmental justice. |
| WSR 24-01-089: Preproposal Statement of Inquiry, chapter 173-424 WAC (Clean Fuels Program) | December 2023 | Washington State Department of Ecology, in the Washington State Register | The rulemaking-initiation notice that opened Ecology's alignment of the Clean Fuel Standard with ESSB 5447, including the date on which SAF pathway applications may be submitted for credit generation. |
| Sustainable Aviation in Washington State: Connecting Policy, Technology, Infrastructure and Workforce Development Needs | December 2023 | Washington State Academy of Sciences | Proceedings from the 2023 Washington State Academy of Sciences Annual Symposium, discussing sustainable aviation policy and technical questions. |
| Municipal Solid Waste-to-Fuels Study Summary | December 2023 | Port of Seattle and King County (study performed by EXP) | Regional waste-to-fuel feasibility study concluding that there is enough MSW to feed SAF production in Washington and northern Oregon. |
| Joint Aircraft Emissions Technical and Community Task Force Report | November 2023 | King County, Joint Aircraft Emissions Technical and Community Task Force | Report updating King County's aviation emissions inventory based on updated accounting methods and recommending actions for King County to reduce aviation emissions. |
| Seattle 2022 Commercial Garbage Stream Composition Study | August 2023 | Cascadia Consulting Group for Seattle Public Utilities | Seattle garbage composition study sorting commercial garbage into 113 different material types, including food waste, paper, and compostable organics. |
| Maximizing Sustainable Aviation Fuel Usage Through Optimization of Distillation Cut Points and Blending | July 2023 | Zhibin Yang (Washington State University), Randall C. Boehm (PNNL), David C. Bell and Joshua Heyne; funded by the FAA ASCENT Center of Excellence | Methods paper discussing how to maximize SAF yield by optimizing distillation cut points and blend ratios against eight bulk fuel properties while preserving specified safety margins. |
| Increasing the Economic Value and Sustainability of Washington's Agriculture Sector Through Industrial Symbiosis: A report to the Washington Legislature | 2023 | Roth, Wolcott, Yorgey, Male, Sturdevant, Camenzind, Pierobon, Padowski, Kruger, Whittemore, Carroll, Jensen, Moddemeyer and Ybarra; WSU CSANR and Institute for Northwest Energy Futures, PNNL, Center for Sustainable Infrastructure | Report detailing recommendations for developing industrial symbiosis clusters in Washington in which farms and processors share energy, water, and organic waste streams to raise profitability and sustainability. |
| Sustainable Aviation Biofuels Work Group December 2022 Final Report: Sustainable Aviation Fuel Updates and Recommendations | December 2022 | WSU Office of National Laboratory Partnerships, for the Washington Governor and Legislature | Update from the Washington Sustainable Aviation Biofuels Work Group on state, federal, and international SAF policy, and recommendations to accelerate SAF development and adoption in Washington State. |
| Sustainable jet fuel based on lignin (Tech Beat column, pp. 14-15) | August 2022 | Tribology and Lubrication Technology magazine (Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers); reporting research by Bin Yang and Joshua Heyne, Washington State University | Trade press article reporting on WSU development of a lignin-derived jet fuel blend stock with low aromatics and favorable combustion prescreening results. |
| Methodology for quantifying the impact of repurposing existing manufacturing facilities: case study using pulp and paper facilities for sustainable aviation fuel production | April 2022 | Kristin Brandt, Dane Camenzind, J.Y. Zhu, Greg Latta, Johnway Gao and Michael Wolcott; Washington State University / FAA ASCENT; Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining | Article discussing methods to quantify the financial impact of repurposing industrial facilities to manufacture SAF across three levels. |
| Life Cycle Assessment of Drop-in Bio-jet Fuel and Acetic Acid from the Bioconversion of Poplar Biomass | August 2021 | Erik Budsberg, PhD dissertation, University of Washington (advisor Rick Gustafson) | Three LCAs documenting the environmental impact of commercial scale production of bio-jet fuel and bio-acetic acid from short rotation coppice harvest poplar tree feedstock. |
| 2020-2021 Washington Statewide Waste Characterization Study (Publication 21-07-026) | August 2021 | Gretchen Newman, Washington State Department of Ecology, and Cascadia Consulting Group | Washington State-wide municipal solid waste composition study conducted across four seasons. |
| Sustainable Aviation Biofuels Work Group November 2020 Final Report | November 2020 | WSU Office of Clean Technology and the William D. Ruckelshaus Center, for the Washington Governor and Legislature | Report from the Washington Sustainable Aviation Biofuels Work Group identifying ten areas of opportunity for legislative policy that will support SAF development in Washington . |
| Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF): Port of Seattle one-pager | March 2019 | Port of Seattle | Report detailing the policy, program, and market levers the Port of Seattle can pull to meet goal of powering every flight fueled at Sea-Tac with at least 10% blend of SAF by 2028. |
| Commission Agenda Memorandum, Item No. 9a: Washington Sustainable Aviation Fuels Summit (briefing) | March 2019 | Pearse Edwards, Senior Director of External Relations, Port of Seattle | Briefing to the Port of Seattle Commission on the Port's ongoing work to enhance awareness and support for SAF use at Sea-Tac. |
| Seattle-Tacoma International Airport Sustainable Airport Master Plan Near-Term Projects Environmental Review Scoping Report | February 2019 | Port of Seattle | Compilation of public and agency comments from 2018 scoping period for the Sea-Tac Sustainable Airport Master Plan, which includes fuel farm expansion to support the airport's SAF goal. |
| Moving toward sustainable aviation fuel at Seattle-Tacoma International Airport | 2018 | E. Leavitt, S. Meyn, A. Purcell and L. Stanton, Port of Seattle | Article detailing feasibility and funding studies that underlay the Port of Seattle's shift towards a SAF market development role, including infrastructure, development of market incentives, and programs to reduce the incremental cost of aviation biofuels relative to fossil jet fuel. |
| Life cycle assessment of residual lignocellulosic biomass-based jet fuel with activated carbon and lignosulfonate as co-products | May 2018 | Francesca Pierobon, Ivan L. Eastin and Indroneil Ganguly, Center for International Trade in Forest Products, University of Washington; Biotechnology for Biofuels 11:139 | Article detailing an LCA of using residual woody biomass as feedstock to produce iso-paraffinic kerosene, through the production of sugar and subsequent patented proprietary fermentation and upgrading. |
| Innovative Funding for Sustainable Aviation Fuel at U.S. Airports: Explored at Seattle-Tacoma International | July 2017 | Adam Klauber, Annie Benn, Charlotte Hardenbol, Craig Schiller, Isaac Toussie, Misha Valk and Jeff Waller; Rocky Mountain Institute with Carbon War Room and SkyNRG | Report assessing and ranking 14 co-benefit funding mechanisms for increased SAF deployment at Sea-Tac. |
| Techno-Economic Evaluation of Renewable Jet Fuel from Softwoods: The NARA Greenfield Integrated Biorefinery Process | November 2016 | Tom Spink, Gevan Marrs and Allan Gao, Northwest Advanced Renewables Alliance (NARA); presented at the NARA Summary Conference, Washington DC | Techno-economic evaluation of a softwood-to-jet biorefinery in Longview, Washington. |
| Aviation Biofuels Infrastructure Feasibility Study: Final Report | November 2016 | WSP | Parsons Brinckerhoff, under contract to the Port of Seattle, with Alaska Airlines and The Boeing Company as co-commissioning partners (Project P-00318568) | Infrastructure feasibility study identifying sites that could support the receipt, blending, storage, and delivery infrastructure required to supply Sea-Tac with up to 50 million gallons of SAF annually. |
| Biomass Production on the Olympic and Kitsap Peninsulas, Washington: Updated Logging Residue Ratios, Slash Pile Volume-to-Weight Ratios, and Supply Curves for Selected Locations (PNW-GTR-872) | January 2013 | J.C. Cross, E.C. Turnblom and G.J. Ettl; USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station | Report detailing sampled biomass residue production ratios and delivery supply curves for the Olympic and Kitsap Peninsulas. |
| Methods for Producing Biochar and Advanced Bio-fuels in Washington State, Part 2: Literature Review of the Biomass Supply Chain and Preprocessing Technologies (Publication 12-07-033) | May 2012 | Garcia-Perez, Kruger, Fuchs, Sokhansanj, Badger, Garcia-Nunez, Lewis and Kantor; Washington State Department of Ecology with Washington State University | Article reviewing Washington's biomass pyrolysis supply chains, including instructive on deployment and relevant technologies based on a wide range of available feedstocks. |
| Washington Forest Biomass Supply Assessment | March 2012 | Perez-Garcia, Oneil, Hansen, Mason, McCarter, Rogers, Cooke, Comnick and McLaughlin; University of Washington School of Environmental and Forest Sciences with TSS Consultants | Report on the contributions of woody biomass residue to economic development within Washington State. |
| 2023 Oregon Disposed Solid Waste Characterization and Composition | June 2026 | Sky Valley Associates (field work), Cascadia Consulting (subcontractor) and Oregon DEQ Materials Management | Disposed solid waste characterization and composition study based on samples taken at landfills across Oregon. |
| Low Carbon Fuels from Woody Biomass Residues | July 2025 | Kevin Lyons (corresponding author, Wes Lematta Professor of Forest Engineering), John Bailey, Erica Fleishman, Islam Hafez, Gerald Presley, John Sessions, John Simonsen, Andres Susaeta, Asif Alam, Alhassan Ibrahim, Robert Macias, Swagat Attreya, Chukwuemeka Okolo, Jane Van Gunst and Muhammad Umer Qadeer; Oregon State University College of Forestry, submitted to the Oregon House Committee on Climate, Energy, and Environment | Report detailing the technical, environmental, and economic viability of converting woody biomass residues into renewable fuels using pyrolysis. |
| 2024 Biennial Energy Report | November 2024 | Oregon Department of Energy, submitted to the Oregon Legislature | Assessment of Oregon's energy resources as well as the implications of energy policies, trends, and forecasts for the State of Oregon. |
| Environmental Annual Report FY23-24 | 2024 | Port of Portland | Report documenting the Port of Portland's' environmental progress, including progress toward delivering goal of 10% SAF use by 2030. |
| Mobile Biochar Production by Flame Carbonization: Reducing Wildfire Risk and Improving Forest Resilience (RMRS-GTR-439) | July 2024 | K. Wilson, W. Bekker, J. Archuleta, D. McAvoy and D. Page-Dumroese; USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station | Assessment of on-site slash-to-biochar as an alternative to slash piles for disposal of woody biomass residue. |
| Renewable Hydrogen in Oregon: Opportunities and Challenges | November 2022 | Rebecca Smith (lead), Jessica Reichers and Adam Schultz; Oregon Department of Energy, pursuant to SB 333 (2021) | Assessment of opportunities and challenges with developing renewable hydrogen production pathways in Oregon. |
| Environmental Annual Report (FY21-22) | July 2022 | Port of Portland | Environmental Report from the Port of Portland noting no SAF supply is currently available for PDX and setting 2027 and 2030 SAF deployment targets. |
| Biogas and Renewable Natural Gas Inventory: 2018 Report to the Oregon Legislature | September 2018 | Oregon Department of Energy, pursuant to SB 334 (2017) | Inventory of all potential sources of biogas and renewable natural gas available in Oregon. |
| Economic analysis of an aviation bioenergy supply chain | 2017 | Jeffrey J. Reimer and Xiaojuan Zheng, Oregon State University | Study detailing a regional economic model mimicking the stages of potential aviation fuel supply chains using detailed data from the PNW. |
| Sustainable Biomass Supply from Forest Health and Fire Hazard Reduction Treatments: Final Report | 2016 | John Bailey, Kevin Boston, Elizabeth Cole, Kevin Vogler, Katherine Morici and James Johnston, for the Northwest Advanced Renewables Alliance (NARA) | Simulation study of various forest treatments implemented across the interior West to meet feedstock needs for potential biomass processing. |
| Bioenergy Research: Journal Articles (Idaho National Laboratory publications index) | Repository of INL research | Idaho National Laboratory (Battelle Energy Alliance, U.S. Department of Energy) | Directory of Idaho National Laboratory bioenergy journal publications. |
| Perspectives on new technologies built on anaerobic digestion: insights from Idaho | April 2025 | Jane Kolodinsky, Hannah L. Smith, Soren Newman, Darin Saul and Michelle Tynan | Study of stakeholders, representing for-profit, not-for-profit, governmental, and community service agencies across Idaho, exploring their experiences and perceptions of how various factors could facilitate or hinder the adoption of anaerobic digesters and three emerging anaerobic digestion technologies. |
| Timber Basket of the Interior West: Idaho's Forest Products Industry and Timber Harvest, 2019, With Trends Through 2021 (RMRS-RB-38) | August 2024 | Eric A. Simmons, Samuel G. Scott, Todd A. Morgan, Lucas P. Townsend and John D. Shaw; USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station | Report detailing the utilization of Idaho's 2019 timber harvest and describing the condition, structure, and operation of the Idaho's forest products industry. |
| 2023 Alternative Fuels Report: Alternative Fuels Task Force Report | 2023 | Idaho Strategic Energy Alliance, published by the Idaho Office of Energy and Mineral Resources | Idaho Strategic Energy Alliance report on the availability, economics, regulation, tax policy, and vehicle efficiencies for five alternative transportation fuels, including biofuels. |
| Idaho's Energy Landscape | February 2019 | Idaho Governor's Office of Energy and Mineral Resources | Energy resource inventory documenting Idaho's energy landscape, sources, outlook, and research, including alternative fuel production. |
| Making money from waste: The economic viability of producing biogas and biomethane in the Idaho dairy industry | 2018 | Markus Lauer, Jason K. Hansen, Patrick Lamers and Daniela Thran; DBFZ and Idaho National Laboratory | Techno-economic assessment of using dairy cow manure for on-farm production- and use of biogas and/or upgrading the biogas to biomethane in Idaho. |
| Idaho Woody Biomass Project Developer's Handbook: A Reference Guide to Resources and Contacts | 2017 | Prepared by Sustainable Northwest for the Idaho Statewide Wood Energy Team; published by the Idaho Office of Energy and Mineral Resources under USFS Cooperative Agreement 13-CA-11010000-022 | Planning guide for woody biomass project developers in Idaho, covering resource availability, heating demands, biomass technologies, permitting, and financing. |
| Logging Utilization in Idaho: Current and Past Trends (RMRS-GTR-318) | March 2014 | Eric A. Simmons, Todd A. Morgan, Erik C. Berg, Stanley J. Zarnoch, Steven W. Hayes and Mike T. Thompson; USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station | Field study of commercial timber harvesting in Idaho to characterize tree utilization, logging operations, and changes from previous Idaho logging utilization studies. |
| Response to Comments: Class V Permits and Aquifer Exemption Decisions for Jody Field 34-1 and 34-2 | May 2026 | U.S. EPA Region 8, Underground Injection Control Program | EPA's response to public comment on the authorized injection of non-hazardous wastewater generated by Montana Renewables' renewable-feedstock pretreatment. |
| CARB LCFS Tier 2 Fuel Pathway Report: Renewable Diesel (application b0787), Montana Renewables, LLC | December 2024 | Montana Renewables, LLC, filed to the California Air Resources Board LCFS program | Report on provisional LCFS pathway for renewable diesel from used cooking oil. |
| Final Environmental Assessment: Renewable Fuels and Biomass Energy Facility Conversion Project (DOE/EA-2275), with Finding of No Significant Impact | December 2024 | U.S. Department of Energy, Loan Programs Office | NEPA assessment of DOE's proposed $1.44 billion loan guarantee to expand Montana Renewables' Great Falls refinery conversion. |
| The Economic Impact of the Calumet Montana Refineries | June 2023 | Patrick M. Barkey and Derek Sheehan, University of Montana Bureau of Business and Economic Research; commissioned by Calumet Specialty Products | Analysis of the local economic impacts of traditional and renewable refineries in Montana, including employment, wages, production, vendor spending, and tax payments. |
| Green Financing Framework | March 2022 | Montana Renewables, LLC (subsidiary of Calumet Specialty Products Partners, L.P.) | Framework laying out the scope, use of proceeds, reporting, and verification for any future green finance mechanism Montana Renewables may develop. |
| Montana's Forest Products Industry and Timber Harvest, 2018 (RMRS-RB-35) | October 2021 | Steven W. Hayes, Lucas Townsend, Thale Dillon, Todd A. Morgan and John D. Shaw; USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station | Report tracing the volumetric flow of Montana's 2018 timber harvest through primary wood-using industries. |
| Montana's Forest Products Industry and Timber Harvest, 2014, Part II: Industry Sectors, Capacity and Outputs (RMRS-RB-32-2) | March 2020 | Steven W. Hayes, Todd A. Morgan and Chris Witt; USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station | Report tracing the volumetric flow of Montana's 2014 timber harvest through primary wood-using industries. |
| Nutrient Requirements of Camelina for Biodiesel Feedstock in Central Montana | January 2017 | Yesuf Assen Mohammed, Chengci Chen and Reza Keshavarz Afshar | Study on the effects of camelina on seed and oil yields test weight, oil concentration and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency in central Montana. |
| Intensification of Dryland Cropping Systems for Bio-feedstock Production: Energy Analysis of Camelina | June 2015 | Reza Keshavarz-Afshar and Chengci Chen, Montana State University, Eastern Agricultural Research Center, Sidney MT | Report assessing whether replacing fallow with camelina yields a positive net energy return for biofuel feedstock. |
| Pacific Northwest Low-Carbon Hydrogen Analysis: Assessing hydrogen opportunities for the Pacific Northwest | July 2025 | Deloitte Canada for Pacific NorthWest Economic Region (PNWER), with the BC Ministry of Energy and Climate Solutions and the Washington State Department of Commerce | Study providing a comprehensive view of the supply and demand potential for hydrogen in the PNW. Includes funding instruments, incentives, and policy frameworks to support development and deployment of hydrogen and hydrogen-derived fuels. |
| SAF policy scorecard: Evaluating state-level sustainable aviation fuel policies in the United States | November 2024 | Andy Navarrete, Nikita Pavlenko and Jane O'Malley, International Council on Clean Transportation | Ranking of US state-level SAF policies and recommendations for new and updated state-level SAF policies. |
| Techno-economic and environmental impacts assessments of sustainable aviation fuel production from forest residues | August 2024 | J.P. Ahire and R. Bergman (USDA Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory), T. Runge and S.H. Mousavi-Avval (UW-Madison), D. Bhattacharyya (West Virginia Univ.), T. Brown (SUNY ESF) and J. Wang (NC State) | Study comparing the techno-economic and life-cycle environmental impacts from cradle-to-gate of SAF production from forest residues as a biomass feedstock. |
| Scaling Sustainable Aviation Fuel: Recommendations to Federal Policymakers from Washington State Regional Roundtables | July 2024 | Peter Trousdale and John Holler, Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (C2ES) | Policy brief to the Federal government offering recommendations on how to scale SAF based on insights from Washington State. |
| A framework to estimate national biofuel potential by siting production facilities: a case study for canola sustainable aviation fuel in Canada | June 2024 | Praveen Siluvai Antony, Caroline Vanderghem, Heather L. MacLean, Bradley A. Saville and I. Daniel Posen, University of Toronto | Framework estimating Canadian SAF potential and applied via a case study on canola SAF. Framework includes estimates of plant capacity, plant locations, and lifecycle GHG emissions. |
| Biodiesel in the Pacific Northwest (PNW 753) | February 2021 | Noelle M. Hart and Patricia A. Townsend; Oregon State University Extension, Washington State University Extension and University of Idaho Extension | Review of biodiesel fuel policies, usage, feedstock, and production in the PNW. |
| Potential Northwest Regional Feedstock and Production of Sustainable Aviation Fuel | February 2020 | Port of Seattle and Washington State University (Service Agreement p-00319928) | Feasibility assessment of creating a commercially viable SAF industry in the northwest, including discussion of benefits and challenges of three feedstock conversion pathways |
| Advanced Hardwood Biofuels Northwest: Commercialization Challenges for the Renewable Aviation Fuel Industry | November 2019 | Brian J. Stanton and Richard R. Gustafson | Report detailing a bioenergy summit held in 2017 that debated the barriers to the commercialization of hybrid poplar biofuels for the alternative jet fuel market. |
| Airport management perspectives on aviation biofuels: drivers, barriers, and policy requirements in the US Pacific Northwest | 2019 | Daniel Mueller, Season Hoard, Paul Smith, Christina Sanders and Michael J. Gaffney, Washington State University | Results of survey on airport management opinions on aviation biofuels in the PNW. |
| A Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis Approach to Facility Siting in a Wood-Based Depot-and-Biorefinery Supply Chain Model | November 2018 | Natalie Martinkus, Greg Latta, Kristin Brandt and Michael Wolcott; WSU Composite Materials and Engineering Center and University of Idaho | Assessment of existing industrial facilities for their potential role in a wood-based depot-and-biorefinery supply chain using a multi-criteria siting tool. |
| Evaluation of Three Forest-Based Bioenergy Development Strategies in the Inland Northwest, United States | November 2018 | Darin Saul, Soren Newman, Steven Peterson, Eli Kosse, Ryan Jacobson, Robert Keefe, Stephen Devadoss, Tammy Laninga and Jill Moroney | Study comparing the supply chains, profitability and socioeconomic impacts of three bioenergy scenarios from inland forests in the PNW. |
| Ethanol in the Pacific Northwest (PNW 710) | September 2018 | Noelle M. Hart, Keaton L. Lesnik and Patricia A. Townsend; Washington State University Extension, PNW series | Factsheet reviewing the relevant policies, consumption, availability, production facilities, feedstock sources, and economic and environmental impacts of ethanol as a transportation biofuel in the PNW. |
| A comparison of methodologies for estimating delivered forest residue volume and cost to a wood-based biorefinery | August 2017 | Natalie Martinkus (Washington State University), Greg Latta (University of Idaho), Todd A. Morgan (University of Montana) and Michael P. Wolcott (Washington State University); DOI 10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.08.023 | Study comparing two methods for estimating the volume and delivered cost of forest residue reaching a wood-based biorefinery. |
| Community Economic Impact Analysis of Hypothetical NARA Woody Biomass Jet Fuel Refineries in the Pacific Northwest | 2017 | Daisuke Sasatani and Ivan Eastin, Center for International Trade in Forest Products, University of Washington, for NARA | Analysis projecting regional jobs, income and rural community benefits from hypothetical forest-residual jet fuel biorefineries in two Pacific Northwest regions. |
| Drivers and barriers to the adoption and diffusion of Sustainable Jet Fuel (SJF) in the U.S. Pacific Northwest | 2017 | P.M. Smith, M.J. Gaffney, W. Shi, S. Hoard, I. Ibarrola Armendariz and D.W. Mueller, Washington State University | Study measuring and ranking perceived drivers and barriers to an economically viable sustainable jet fuel industry in the PNW through interviews with 19 aviation fuel supply-chain participants. |
| Timber Products Output (TPO): Forest Inventory, Timber Harvest, Mill and Logging Residue - Essential Feedstock Information Needed to Characterize the NARA Supply Chain | 2016 | Erik Berg, Todd Morgan and Eric Simmons, Bureau of Business and Economic Research, University of Montana, for NARA | Report quantifying timber harvest, mill residue, and logging residue across WA, OR, ID and MT. |
| Toward Sustainable Aviation Fuels: A Primer and State of the Industry | October 2015 | Climate Solutions; author Seth Zuckerman, editor Eileen V. Quigley | A primer on the SAF industry, including how SAF is produced, manufactured, marketed, and regulated. |
| Assessing the woody biomass supply chain in the Pacific Northwest and Great Lakes regions: Investigating policy as drivers of change | August 2015 | Jordan Kudrna, University of Minnesota (advisor Dennis Becker), M.S. thesis | Results of a survey of 175 woody biomass business owners in the Great Lakes and PNW to assess how state and federal renewable energy policy drives investment decisions. |
| Logging Utilization Research in the Pacific Northwest: Residue Prediction and Unique Research Challenges | 2015 | Erik C. Berg, Todd A. Morgan and Eric A. Simmons (University of Montana BBER) and Stanley J. Zarnoch (USDA Forest Service); in the 2015 Forest Inventory and Analysis Symposium proceedings, PNW-GTR-931 | Report detailing a model-based sampling protocol for estimating logging residue ratios across MT, ID, OR and WA. |
| Sustainable Aviation Fuels Northwest: Powering the Next Generation of Flight | 2011 | Climate Solutions (Ross Macfarlane, Patrick Mazza, Jeanette Allan) for the SAFN stakeholder group | Regional feasibility study concluding the Pacific Northwest can build an aviation biofuel industry through a portfolio of camelina, forest residue, MSW and algae supply chains backed by coordinated policy. |
| Woody Biomass for Bioenergy and Biofuels in the United States: A Briefing Paper (PNW-GTR-825) | July 2010 | Eric M. White; USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station | Brief on US woody biomass feedstocks, supply, costs, conversion options, and challenges. |
| Biofuels in Oregon and Washington: A Business Case Analysis of Opportunities and Challenges (PNNL-17351) | February 2008 | Dennis Stiles, Bernard Saffell, Susanne Jones, Don Stevens, Rick Orth and Yunhua Zhu, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, for DOE EERE | Market size assessment and associated challenges with developing biofuel production industry in Oregon and Washington. |
| Growing a Resilient Canadian Biofuel Sector | 2026 | Natural Resources Canada with the Federal-Provincial-Territorial Biofuels Working Group | Assessment of policy levers to grow Canada's domestic biofuel sector. |
| Pragmatic Assessment of Meeting the 2030 U.S. Sustainable Aviation Fuel Goal | November 2025 | Kristin Brandt, Lina Martinez Valencia, Dane Camenzind and Michael P. Wolcott (Washington State University) with Alessandro Martulli, Robert Malina and Florian Allroggen (FAA Center of Excellence ASCENT) | Assessment of the feasibility of meeting the near-term US SAF target, along with barriers and proposed policy measures to accelerate SAF production. |
| Clearing the Air: The Public Health Benefits of Meeting the SAF Grand Challenge | February 2025 | Alexander Laska and John Hebert, Third Way; analysis with Industrial Economics and SC&A | Analysis of the public health benefits of a complete global transition to SAF by 2050. |
| Sustainable Aviation Fuel Grand Challenge: October 2021 - September 2024 Progress Report | December 2024 | U.S. Department of Energy, Department of Transportation and Department of Agriculture, with U.S. EPA | Progress report on the SAF Grand Challenge's goals, including progress by action area and a sample of private sector advances. |
| Sustainable Aviation Fuel Grand Challenge Roadmap Implementation Framework | November 2024 | U.S. Department of Energy, Department of Transportation and Department of Agriculture, with U.S. EPA | Framework providing overview of Federal Agency skills mapping and gap analysis in support of the Sustainable Aviation Fuel Grand Challenge. |
| Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) State-of-Industry Report: State of SAF Production Process (NREL/TP-5100-87802) | July 2024 | Oscar Rosales Calderon, Ling Tao, Zia Abdullah, Kristi Moriarty, Sharon Smolinski, Anelia Milbrandt, Michael Talmadge, Arpit Bhatt, Yimin Zhang, Vikram Ravi, Christopher Skangos, Eric Tan and Courtney Payne; National Renewable Energy Laboratory | Assessment of the current state of SAF production, evaluating feedstocks, conversion technologies, supply chains and policy against the SAF Grand Challenge targets. |
| 2023 Billion-Ton Report: An Assessment of U.S. Renewable Carbon Resources (ORNL/SPR-2024/3103) | 2024 | U.S. Department of Energy (EERE Bioenergy Technologies Office), led by Oak Ridge National Laboratory with NREL, ANL, PNNL, USDA and the U.S. Forest Service | Assessment of US biomass and waste carbon resources potentially available for bioenergy and bioproducts, with county-level resolution in its accompanying data portal. |
| Hydrothermal Liquefaction: Path to Sustainable Aviation Fuel (PNNL-31930) | September 2021 | Karthikeyan K. Ramasamy, Michael R. Thorson, Justin M. Billing, Johnathan Holladay and Corinne Drennan, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, for the U.S. Department of Energy | Workshop report concluding that HTL is a promising route from wet organic wastes to SAF, and identifying feedstock standardization, nitrogen removal, process optimization and byproduct valorization as the key research gaps. |
| Sustainable Aviation Fuel: Review of Technical Pathways (DOE/EE-2041) | September 2020 | Johnathan Holladay (PNNL), Zia Abdullah (NREL) and Joshua Heyne (University of Dayton); U.S. DOE Bioenergy Technologies Office | Review of SAF conversion pathways, focused reducing cost and optimizing the value proposition for SAF. |
| Alternative Aviation Fuels: Overview of Challenges, Opportunities, and Next Steps | March 2017 | U.S. Department of Energy, Bioenergy Technologies Office | Review of the current state of alternative aviation fuels and a report-out from the 2016 Alternative Aviation Fuel Workshop, identifying the technical, economic and regulatory barriers to alternative jet fuel and setting out next steps for scaling production. |
| Biomass Crop Assistance Program (BCAP): Status and Issues (CRS Report R41296) | January 2015 | Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress | Overview of the Biomass Crop Assistance Program. |
| Hidden Hydrogen Clean Fuel Opportunities in the Pacific Northwest from Organic and Waste Feedstocks |
May 2026 | Renewable Hydrogen Alliance | This white paper assesses the opportunity to expand clean hydrogen production in the PNW using organic and waste feedstocks paired with commercially ready or near-commercial technologies. |